Interdisciplinary Journal of Advanced Research and Innovation

Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms for Customer Churn Prediction in the Telecommunications Industry

Zeny Widianingsih — 2026-10-08

This study jointly benchmarks Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for customer churn prediction and links the resulting feature importance profile to retention strategy. The IBM Telco Customer Churn dataset (7,043 records, 20 predictor features covering demographic, account, and service attributes) was preprocessed through missing value imputation, label encoding, and feature standardization, then split into 80% training and 20% testing subsets using stratified sampling. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC). Recall and AUC were prioritized because a missed churner costs more than an unnecessary retention offer, while AUC summarizes ranking quality across all intervention thresholds. Results show that Random Forest achieved the highest accuracy (80.62%) and AUC (0.842), followed closely by Logistic Regression, which recorded a slightly lower accuracy (79.99%) but the highest recall (0.548), while SVM obtained the lowest AUC (0.792) despite comparable accuracy. Random Forest feature importance analysis indicated that contract type, tenure, total charges, and monthly charges were the strongest predictive attributes, together accounting for more than half of the model’s total importance; these are predictive associations rather than causal determinants of churn. These findings indicate that tree based ensembles offer a marginal advantage over linear and margin based classifiers on structured churn data, and that contract and tenure related variables deserve priority in retention strategy. The observed differences between models are descriptive, as performance was estimated from a single stratified train test split with lightly tuned hyperparameters and no significance testing.

Dynamics Settlement Dispute Ijarah Muntahiyah BIT Tamlik (IMBT) Agreement in Perspective Sharia Arbitration

Fitria Rahma Nasir — 2026-10-26

Ijarah Muntahiyah Bit Tamlik (IMBT) is a hybrid financing contract in Indonesian Islamic banking that combines an ijarah lease with a promise (wa'd) to transfer asset ownership at the end of the lease term. Its legal complexity often creates gaps between the normative framework and contractual practice, which may develop into sharia economic disputes. This study aims to identify the forms of potential sharia non-compliance in IMBT contracts, explain how contractual inconsistencies generate disputes, and evaluate the position and corrective role of the National Sharia Arbitration Board (BASYARNAS) in resolving them. Using normative juridical research with statute, conceptual, and case approaches, the study analyzes legislation, DSN-MUI fatwas, BASYARNAS rules, judicial decisions, fiqh muamalah doctrines, and recent literature through systematic legal interpretation and content analysis. The findings reveal four areas of potential non-compliance: ambiguous asset ownership, disproportionate allocation of risks and costs, premature binding of wa'd, and penalty mechanisms resembling interest. These inconsistencies tend to generate three types of disputes, namely failure of ownership transfer, default followed by asset withdrawal, and disputes over ujrah review clauses. BASYARNAS holds a strategic position because it can resolve such disputes while correcting non-compliant clauses through the dual expertise of its arbitrators, procedural efficiency, confidentiality, and final and binding awards, although its effectiveness is constrained by its dependence on the Religious Courts for execution, cost barriers, and limited coordination. The study concludes that the sharia compliance of IMBT is best secured when standardized contract clauses and the corrective review of BASYARNAS operate together.

Governing the Commons Differently: Social-Environmental Innovation and Customary Rights in Eastern Indonesia's Contested Forests

Cindi Paradila Apriliani — 2026-10-27

Constitutional recognition of customary forests in Indonesia (Constitutional Court Decision MK35/2012) has not reversed the pattern of territorial dispossession affecting Indigenous communities across Eastern Indonesia (Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara). This study aims to synthesize recent legal-policy and empirical literature on customary forest governance in Eastern Indonesia and to develop an integrated social-environmental innovation framework from that evidence. A structured narrative (integrative) review was conducted of peer-reviewed articles and institutional reports published between 2021 and 2026, screened against explicit inclusion criteria, and coded thematically into three pillars: tenure recognition, inclusive governance, and environmental governance. The literature shows substantial normative progress but fragmented implementation, limited local government capacity, and persistent agrarian conflict linked to plantation expansion and nationally strategic projects. Monitoring data record 154 conflicts linked to Nationally Strategic Projects between 2020 and 2024, and primary forest loss in Papua rose by about 11 percent in 2024 while the national total fell by 14 percent. The paper proposes a "governing the commons differently" framework linking legal recognition with participatory free, prior and informed consent mechanisms and Indigenous-knowledge-based environmental governance. Formal recognition is necessary but insufficient without inclusive governance and subnational institutional capacity; the framework requires site-specific testing in Papua, Maluku, and Nusa Tenggara.

Al-Mawardi's Method of Criticism of the Narration of the Companions of Imam Al-Syafi'i in Al-Hawi Al-Kabir

Kurniyadi Kurniyadi — 2026-10-27

This study examines how al-Mawardi critically evaluates transmissions attributed to Imam al-Shafi'i by his students and early transmitters in Al-Hawi al-Kabir. Differences among transmitted formulations may reflect variations in wording, interpretation, or the attribution of juristic opinions, making source criticism essential to the development of Shafi'i jurisprudence. Employing a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach based on library research, the study examines Al-Hawi al-Kabir as its primary source and compares relevant passages with Shafi'i legal texts and biographical literature cited in the manuscript. The analysis focuses on narrations transmitted by al-Muzani, al-Rabi' ibn Sulayman, and al-Buwayti. Three sets of examples illustrate al-Mawardi's critical methodology. In the case of al-Muzani, he examines an attribution concerning divorce pronounced while intoxicated and a report regarding the granting of a deferment to a husband unable to engage in sexual intercourse. Regarding al-Rabi', he distinguishes a juristic opinion transmitted directly from al-Shafi'i from the transmitter's own legal reasoning. Concerning al-Buwayti, he evaluates a report on tayammum (dry ablution) by comparing it with other transmitted texts. Across these cases, his critical approach involves comparing chains of transmission, scrutinizing textual formulations and potential scribal errors, distinguishing direct transmission from takhrij (the derivation of juristic rulings), and assessing consistency with authoritative texts of the Shafi'i madhhab (school of Islamic jurisprudence). The findings demonstrate that al-Mawardi functioned not merely as a commentator on al-Muzani's legal compendium but also as a critical examiner and verifier of attributed juristic positions. These conclusions are limited to the cases examined and should not be generalized to all transmissions within the Shafi'i legal tradition.

Legal Analysis of the Application of the Prudential Principle in the Safe Deposit Box Agreement between the Bank and the Customer

Mariska Fitriliya — 2026-07-24

The banking industry plays a strategic role in Indonesia's economy, and banks are legally obligated to apply the prudential principle in all their business activities, including Safe Deposit Box (SDB) services. However, a legal gap exists between this obligation and the practice of using unilateral exemption clauses in standard SDB agreements, which potentially harms customers and creates legal uncertainty . The research problem focuses on the research of legal provisions governing SDB as well as the implementation of the principle of prudence in the relevant agreements. The purpose of this research is to analyze the regulations and the strengthening of the application of the principle of prudence in order to ensure legal certainty for customers. The method employed was normative juridical, based on the theory of Soerjono Soekanto and Sri Mamudji, primarily using secondary data supported by limited empirical data obtained through interviews. The research findings indicate that the use of standard SDB agreement clauses by banks clearly violates Article 18 Paragraph (1) letter a of the Consumer Protection Law, Rendering such clauses null and void by operation of law. In practice, weaknesses persist in the application of this principle, particulary concerning the use of clauses that exempt banks from liability to customers. Although banks implement layered security Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) base on the principle of prudence, they may still be held legally accountable if proven negligent in maintaining the SDB security system.

The Effectiveness of Legal Aid Offices in Ensuring the Rights of Defendants in Court

Maria Waas — 2026-07-24

The implementation of the Legal Aid Post (Pos Bantuan Hukum or Posbakum) at the Ambon District Court represents the fulfillment of every citizen's constitutional right to legal assistance a right grounded in the principles of the rule of law, equality before the law, and access to justice. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Legal Aid Post in fulfilling defendants' rights to legal assistance and to examine the factors influencing its implementation. This is an empirical legal study employing statutory, conceptual, and sociological approaches. Data were gathered through both library and field research and analyzed using a descriptive-qualitative method. The findings indicate that the Legal Aid Post at the Ambon District Court has played a role in providing legal consultation, drafting legal documents, and facilitating legal representation for indigent defendants. However, its implementation has not been optimal due to resource limitations, low public legal awareness, and administrative obstacles in the provision of legal aid. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the Legal Aid Post institutionally, improve service quality, and foster synergy among the court, legal aid organizations, and law enforcement agencies to ensure that defendants' rights to legal assistance are fulfilled effectively, fairly, and with legal certainty.

Optimization of Resource and Budget Allocation for Traffic Congestion Mitigation in West, East, and South Jakarta Using A Linear Programming Approach

Jemi Jemi — 2026-08-27

Traffic congestion in DKI Jakarta has reached a critical level, with an average congestion index of 59.8% in 2025, ranking Jakarta as the 24th most congested city in the world. The structural disparity between motor vehicle growth (9–12% per year) and road network growth (only 0.01% per year) is a major contributor to this problem, resulting in estimated economic losses of IDR 45–100 trillion annually. This study optimizes resource and budget allocation for traffic congestion mitigation across 15 major road segments in West, East, and South Jakarta using a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach. The objective function minimizes total daily traffic delay through three types of interventions: road widening, U-turn closures, and the deployment of additional traffic control personnel, subject to a maximum budget constraint of IDR 5 trillion, physical constraints for each road segment, a maximum availability of 1,500 personnel, and integer constraints. The model is solved using the Simplex method in Microsoft Excel Solver. The optimization results indicate that the optimal combination of interventions requires a budget of IDR 1.045 trillion and achieves a delay reduction of 625.3 minutes, leaving 84.7 minutes of delay compared with the initial 710 minutes, while covering all 15 road segments. West Jakarta accounts for the largest proportion of physical road widening (50.9%), whereas East and South Jakarta rely more heavily on non-structural interventions with higher cost–benefit ratios. The sensitivity analysis identifies a budget saturation point of IDR 1.045 trillion, beyond which additional expenditure does not yield further improvements under the specified model constraints. This study recommends the dynamic application of the optimization model and the reallocation of the remaining budget to improve public transportation.

Analysis of the Requirements for an Internet of Things-Based Predictive Monitoring System Using a Requirements Engineering Approach at Gas-Fired Power Plants (PLTMG): A Case Study of Tual City and Southeast Maluku Regency

Rico Robert Rangotwat — 2026-08-31

The operational reliability of Gas Engine Power Plants (PLTMG) depends on monitoring systems capable of providing accurate information regarding equipment conditions. However, operational data remain distributed across multiple sources, limiting the implementation of integrated predictive monitoring systems. This study aimed to analyze the requirements of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based predictive monitoring system using a Requirements Engineering approach. A descriptive qualitative method was employed through observations, interviews, and operational document analysis. The results identified six candidate requirements, which were refined into ten system requirements. Using the MoSCoW prioritization method, the requirements were classified into six Must-have (60%), three Should-have (30%), and one Could-have (10%) categories. The prioritized requirements were documented in a System Requirements Specification (SRS) and validated using a Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM). The analysis indicated that the identified system requirements could improve data availability, monitoring capabilities, analytical capabilities, maintenance decision-making effectiveness, equipment reliability, and power plant availability. This study produced Requirements Engineering artifacts, including the SRS, RTM, conceptual architecture, and Causal Loop Model (CLM), which provide references for developing IoT-based predictive monitoring systems in PLTMG and serve as a foundation for similar studies.

Legal Certainty of Authentic Deeds Drawn up By Notaries Violating the Dual Office Holding Prohibition Pursuant to Article 17 of Law No. 2 Of 2014 on Notary Positions

Frisky Removy Butar Butar — 2026-09-10

Notaries are public officials authorized to draw up authentic deeds. However, violations of the prohibition on holding dual offices under Article 17 of Law No. 2 of 2014 continue to occur, including cases in which notaries concurrently practice as advocates or engage in other prohibited professions, sometimes by attempting to circumvent the prohibition through formal leave. This article aims to analyze violations of the prohibition on dual office holding by notaries and examine their legal consequences for the legal certainty of the deeds they draw up, using the Theory of Authority to assess the legality of actions performed by public officials and the Theory of Legal Certainty to evaluate the authenticity of the resulting legal instruments. This normative juridical study employed statutory, conceptual, analytical, and case approaches. Data were collected through a literature review and analyzed using a qualitative-deductive method. The findings indicate that the validity of an authentic deed requires the cumulative fulfillment of formal and substantive requirements and that compliance with the prohibition on dual office holding forms part of the formal requirements governing a notary’s authority. If a notary is proven to hold a prohibited concurrent position, including through circumvention by taking formal leave, the notary’s legal authority to act may be deemed impaired. Consequently, pursuant to Article 1869 of the Civil Code, the deed may lose its status as an authentic deed and instead have the evidentiary value of a private deed, irrespective of the substantive correctness of its contents. Furthermore, supervision by the Notary Supervisory Council remains suboptimal and largely reactive. The legal defect in the deed therefore arises from the impairment of the notary’s authority at the time the deed was drawn up. Notaries are advised to comply strictly with their oath of office and statutory obligations in order to preserve the legal certainty of the deeds they produce.